Only 1.6% of US Citizens Owned Slaves In 1860. We Ran the Numbers , some were BLACK OWNERS .
The actual percentage reported in these memes varies, Snopes has observed, from 1.3 percent to the present 1.6 percent. As Snopes reported in August 2019, the statistic to which these memes refer is most accurately conveyed as 1.4 percent.
The earliest instance of the 1.4 percent version entering the digital lexicon with the purpose of minimizing white culpability for slavery appears to be a 2005 article on Vice titled âHey Kids ⊠Itâs Time For Some Dumb Myths And Smart Facts About Slavery!â which opens with this premise:
If youâre white like Uncle Jim, your teachers will try to convince you that youâre responsible ⊠for a bunch of bad, bad things that happened a long, long time ago. If youâre a black schoolchild, Iâm sure your parents will have plenty of excuses for why your ancestors were enslaved.
But chances are that youâre white â at least for the next generation or two, those are the chances â so Iâve collected a bunch of DUMB MYTHS and SMART FACTS about slavery that you can use to clown your teachers and everyone else at school!
One of those âsmart factsâ was the claim phrased in much the same way the viral memes currently make use of it over a decade later:
At the peak of black slavery in the South, only 6 percent of Southern whites owned slaves. If you include the white people in the North, it means that only 1.4 percent of white Americans owned black slaves at the HEIGHT of slavery.
It is unclear how the number has shifted between 1.3 and 1.6 percent over time, but the actual number doesnât really matter. The point, these memes argue, is that the number is small, and therefore Black people should not hold animus toward White people for the crimes of their ancestors. The message stays the same, even when the numbers do not.
The year 1860 was a census year. Officials collected detailed information on slave ownership and distribution in the Southern states, and this data, while far from perfect, is likely the most reliable source of information for the state of slavery directly preceding the Civil War.
Among the data collected were the total population of each state â both free and enslaved â as well as family and household statistics. These data can be found in the state-level population reports for 1860 published by the U.S. Census Bureau. Another set of relevant data concerns slave ownership. A table for each slave state documenting the number of slaves and slave owners is found beginning on page 223 of the 1860 Census report âAgriculture of the United States in 1860.â
The Civil War Home Page has collated this info into a single table that is often cited to help address the question of what percentage of whites owned slaves at the peak of slavery. A portion of that information is presented below:
1860 Census
Total Population #### 31,183,582
Total No. of Slaves #### 3,950,528
No. of Families #### 5,155,608
Total Free Population #### 27,233,198
Total No. of Slaveholders #### 393,975
Slaves as a Percent of the Population #### 13%
The number 1.4% is likely derived by taking the number of âslaveholdersâ (393,975) as a fraction of the âtotal free populationâ (27,233,198), which yields 1.4%. For several reasons enumerated below, that number grossly downplays the number of whites who were involved and who benefited directly from slavery.
By 1860, 20 out of the United Statesâ 35 states had outlawed slavery. Each of those 20 states recorded 0% of slave-owning families in the 1860 census. Memes such as the one under discussion, which include the states where slavery had already been outlawed, dilute the significance of slavery in those remaining states where individuals were not legally banned from the practice. In those states, the number ranged from 3 percent to just shy of 50%:
#### 1860 Census | #### Families Owning Slaves (%) |
---|---|
#### Delaware | #### 3 |
#### Maryland | #### 12 |
#### Missouri | #### 13 |
#### Arkansas | #### 20 |
#### Kentucky | #### 23 |
#### Tennessee | #### 25 |
#### Virginia | #### 26 |
#### North Carolina | #### 28 |
#### Texas | #### 28 |
#### Louisiana | #### 29 |
#### Florida | #### 34 |
#### Alabama | #### 35 |
#### Georgia | #### 37 |
#### South Carolina | #### 46 |
#### Mississippi | #### 49 |
All but five of those states contained at least 25% of the families as slaveholders â some nearly double that. As pointed out by Jamelle Bouie and Rebecca Onion in a 2015 Slate article, these numbers are âroughly the same percentage of Americans who, today, hold a college degree.â This number is far from insignificant, even working from the flawed assumption that only people who directly owned slaves were responsible for the institutionâs survival into the 1860s.