Oppenheimer was anything but overjoyed. The ONLY person in the Manhattan Project who was overjoyed was General Groves, the man put in charge of the whole thing. Oppenheimer wasn’t a total dove and wanted to help his government out in ending the war. But he was sickened by what happened.
As far as it not mattering if you nuke a live city, this occurred during a WAR. General Groves originally wanted to nuke Kyoto, since it hadn’t been touched by allied bombing up to that point, but the Joint Chiefs said no, due to its historic and religious heritage to Japan.
As far as incinerating cities, the Allies already accomplished that with the fire bombings of Dresden.
Oh, and Hitler NEVER got the atom bomb. He was close, but Allied invasions prevented his scientists from building a workable fission bomb.
See,THIS is why elections matter and why they should be legal and valid.
Legally elected President Trump had a working relationship with ALL the nuclear powers of the world and had achieved world peace as we know it. He even brought peace in the Middle East, something never accomplished in all of human history. Unelected Joe stole an election and now it looks like we just might be on the eve of World War Three.
If one considers him/herself a Christian, they would know that Jesus will come to destroy the world as we know it… not mankind.
Nuclear threat is real, no doubt, but God/Jesus will have the last say in when the world ends… and how it ends. Those of you that aren’t Christian can believe as you will. Those of us that are Christian should know what is to come… and mankind has no say in it.
I am not sure they do matter, if course you are of the belief that they are rigged and the entire election process is being undermined. 81 million votes?
Can’t disagree with you on what Trump has accomplished, but here we are on the edge of the abyss asking ourselves where are we going now? Humanity currently is experiencing both an identity crisis and overall a moral one too. What will save it? A single man? Electing a man, a woman, who will be delivering us to the promise land? Can’t we summon Moses again, or is that modern day version named Elon Musk posing as a Trojan horse by enticing millions with the idea of free speech. Spiritual fitness seems to be the order of the day to keep us from succumbing to the insanity all around us. World War 3? Maybe, then again what will happen will happen and it is not in our control anyway so might as well as try to live the rest of your life as productively and happy as one can be, before the whole shit-house goes up in flames!
In 1933, British researchers Wilson Smith, C.H. Andrewes and P.P. Laidlaw at London’s National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) made a breakthrough when they isolated and identified the influenza virus. They found no bacteria in throat washings from patients with influenza and discovered that the disease was caused by a virus.
With support from the US Army, the first inactivated flu vaccine was developed by Thomas Francis and Jonas Salk at the University of Michigan. The vaccine was tested for safety and efficacy on the US military, before being licensed for wider use in 1945.
The isolation of influenza virus 80 years ago in 1933 very quickly led to the development of the first generation of live-attenuated vaccines. The first inactivated influenza vaccine was monovalent (influenza A). In 1942, a bivalent vaccine was produced after the discovery of influenza B. It was later discovered that influenza viruses mutated leading to antigenic changes. Since 1973, the WHO has issued annual recommendations for the composition of the influenza vaccine based on results from surveillance systems that identify currently circulating strains. In 1978, the first trivalent vaccine included two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain. Currently, there are two influenza B lineages circulating; in the latest WHO recommendations, it is suggested that a second B strain could be added to give a quadrivalent vaccine. The history of influenza vaccine and the associated technology shows how the vaccine has evolved to match the evolution of influenza viruses.
During the 1918-1919 pandemic, some scientists began to suspect that bacteria were not the real agent of influenza disease. One of these was the scholar Richard Edwin Shope (1901-1966), who deeply investigated swine flu in 1920. However, it was only in 1932-1933 that the English scientists Wilson Smith (1897-1965), Sir Christopher Andrewes (1896-1988) and Sir Patrick Laidlaw (1881-1940), working at the Medical Research Council at Mill Hill, first isolated the influenza A virus from nasal secretions of infected patients, thereby demonstrating the intranasal human transmission of this virus [19, 20]. A few years later, the American virologist and epidemiologist Thomas Francis Junior (1900-1969) and Smith, in England, were able to transmit the virus to mice [21]. Subsequently, in 1935, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899-1985) and Smith separately discovered that the flu virus could be grown on the chorio-allantoid membrane of embryonated hens’ eggs [22], and in 1936 the first neutralized antibodies generated by infection by human influenza virus were isolated [23].
In the next five years, important developments took place: the demonstration that the virus inactivated by formalin was immunogenic in humans, purification of the virus by means of high-speed centrifugation, and the discovery that the influenza virus grew easily in fertilized hen eggs, a procedure that is still used today to manufacture most influenza vaccines [23].
1933
Scientists Isolate the Human Influenza Virus
Influenza vaccine development—a high priority for the U.S. military following the deaths of approximately one in every 67 soldiers from the flu during the 1918-1919 pandemic—took a major step forward when researchers at the UK’s Medical Research Council were able to isolate the virus (shown at right) from humans.
Virologist Patrick Laidlaw and his team were working with ferrets to develop a distemper vaccine when the animals caught the flu from Wilson Smith, one of the scientists in the laboratory. The team dubbed it the “W.S.” virus, and their discovery made it possible to develop a vaccine.
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1936
The First Flu Vaccine Is Introduced
Soviet scientist A.A. Smorodintseff made the first attempt to vaccinate people with a live influenza vaccine. Following in the footsteps of Louis Pasteur—who had made the first known attempt to vaccinate humans with a live, attenuated viral strain of rabies in 1885—Smorodintseff passed the live flu virus about 30 times in eggs, so it lost its virulence. He reported that those injected with the modified virus developed a slight fever but were protected against reinfection.
The attenuated virus was then used for mass production of a vaccine that was largely administered to factory workers, who were susceptible to outbreaks due to close working conditions.
I don’t mean to conduct a circular argument, but my understanding is that the condition for surrender was unacceptable for the Japanese, like execution of the Emperor.
And the Americans knew the Japanese would never accept such a surrender, because the name of the game was to prolong the war until the A-bombs could be tested on live cities.
Once the A-bombs were tested successfully, the Americans didn’t give a damn whether Hirohito lived or died. (He lived.)
Yeah there was that small detail that I was wondering about in retrospect after watching the video. Conditional surrender vs. unconditional was certainly one that was deliberated upon.
